Problem Statement

In existing clustering technologies, devices with only homogeneous capabilities are considered, as most clustering schemes rely on homogeneous WSN regions.

Current methods lack information about sensor node positions. As node distance increases, energy consumption rises significantly, reducing efficiency.

Cluster heads consume large amounts of energy for data storage and transmission, leading to premature node energy exhaustion.

Additionally, many existing methods transmit data directly to the base station. This centralized approach can damage specific regions of the network, leading to isolation and reduced lifetime, which is undesirable in critical applications.

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